Addiction Defined

The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines addiction as a chronic disease affecting the brain's reward, motivation, and memory functions. This condition is characterized by an inability to consistently abstain from substance use (or behaviours) despite adverse consequences, impairment in behavioural control, cravings, and a diminished recognition of significant problems related to one’s behaviours and relationships.

ASAM emphasizes that addiction is not solely about substance misuse but also encompasses a wide range of behaviours or processes, such as gambling, gaming, or compulsive eating, that can lead to dysfunction and harmful consequences. This definition underscores the complex nature of addiction, highlighting its neurological basis, behavioural manifestations, and the persistent challenges individuals face in achieving sustained recovery and wellness.

Nora Volkow, the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), provides a comprehensive definition of addiction that aligns with contemporary scientific understanding. According to Volkow, addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain's structure and function.

Volkow emphasizes the neurobiological aspects of addiction, highlighting how repeated drug use can alter brain circuits involved in reward, stress, and self-control. These changes contribute to the compulsive behaviours and loss of control seen in addiction. Importantly, addiction is recognized as a complex condition influenced by genetic, environmental, and developmental factors.

Volkow's definition also underscores the need for evidence-based interventions that address both the biological and behavioural components of addiction. By understanding addiction as a brain disease, efforts can be focused on developing effective prevention strategies, treatments, and recovery support to help individuals overcome the challenges of addiction and lead healthier lives.